Knowing and Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Knowing and Knowledge Essay Of Mary TMCCA Patterns of Knowing and Knowledge It is suggested that there are five patterns of knowing and knowledge in nursing. A nurse must develop and balance all of these patterns of knowledge in order to be effective. As in all of nursing, nurses refine these patterns with experience and reflection throughout his or her career. This knowledge is interrelated, interdependent and overlapping. Nurse, as any other profession develop their own pattern of knowledge as part of their profession, nursing being a unique profession with a unique pattern of knowledge because it requires intellectual knowledge, technical skill and is considered an art (Rutty, J. E. 1998). The first pattern of knowledge is emancipatory knowledge. This concept challenges the nurse to recognize the sometimes-subtle social and political ramifications influencing his or her practice and patient care. The nurse must first recognize that something is wrong, and then have the courage to meet the challenge to attempt to change the status quo (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Hegemony is the ability of a certain group or dominant class to influence or control another population or group and influence them to accept their view. The hospital environment and relationships within them can be considered hegemonic, therefore, nurses learn early in their education that is conflict is common between hierarchies within institutions. Nurses learn early in their careers that hegemony can cause disharmony in their practice (Clare, 1993). In order to utilize this practice or pattern of knowing the nurse must question not only what is wrong with the picture but also who is benefiting from the status quo. It is assumed that the disadvantaged population or individual is not free to choose from the options that more advantage persons would be able to choose. The nurse must ask critical questions such as what is wrong with this picture and who is benefiting by keeping the status quo (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Ethical knowledge in nursing has to do with doing no harm and doing what is right. Ethics asks what is right and who is responsible? Nurses are challenges daily in clarifying their values and exploring their alternatives when ethical dilemma’s occur in practice. Various techniques that can be utilized for this process, however the nurse must be aware that this process is likely to be emotionally charged, as it will challenge his or her deeply held values and belief system. The nurse must also explore other avenues of resolution to the problem from the viewpoint of facts and logic. The use of an ethical decision tree is often useful when making an ethical decision, as it add clarity to the situation. Ethical knowledge in nursing operates within fundamental principal and codes. These include such principles of autonomy and benevolence. These are guides to our practice of what the right thing to do (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Griepp’s model of ethical decision making suggests that the nurse has personal belief systems and values however through education and knowledge development has the ability to change his or her beliefs or values. The nurse has the responsibility to always be aware of outside influences on his or her decision-making and carry out right behavior and knowledge (Griepp, 1992). Ethical and Moral Comportment is a term that refers to how nurses or individual behaves or acts morally relative to what they know ethically. This requires the nurse to integrate all patterns of knowledge into the decision-making process. Ethics being the knowledge of what is right, morality being the behavior or heart of what is right and is based on values. An individual has moral integrity when they behave in a manner that is consistent with their ethics. When nurses are unable or unwilling to maintain moral integrity they get moral distress. There are four types common ethical perspective in nursing. Teleology refers to what is right produces good. This concept often refers to the justification for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Deontology refers to the principle that what is right may not necessarily produce a good outcome. When this principle is followed, it may be the right thing to do in the circumstance, but may cause harm. These two principles are often in conflict. The principle of relativism suggests that what is right in one culture or society may be different on another. This suggest that depending on time and place in history, what is right may change. Virtue ethics suggests that the person involved is important in the decision- making. The character and values or virtues of the person determines the ethical decisions made. The definition of virtue can be troubling when utilizing this principle, especially when referring to nurses as it is comprised of a high percentage of women, whose virtues tend to be obedience, submissiveness and self-sacrificing (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Personal knowledge is the most difficult knowledge for nurses to describe and develop as it takes much introspection, interaction and experience. It is complex and unique to each person yet fundamentally one of the most important patterns of knowing (Rutty, 1998). Personal knowing is rooted in the central questions of; do I know what I do? And Do I do what I know? This concept is spiritual in nature as ones values, attitude and hopes are linked to what they know about themselves and how they view the world, joy and suffering, realities, and how each person learns to be authentic and genuine. Personal knowledge is guided and learned by self-reflection, personal stories and being ones genuine self. The creative process of opening and centering guides it. This process allows the nurse to be present fully with other individuals, and develop the strength and character to be authentic and genuine with others. This allows the nurse to give meaning to the experiences he or she has lived (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Once knowledge is obtained, it becomes personal knowledge; this is part of our humanness. At times, the nurse must become uncomfortable in order to seek out personal knowledge as he or she explores and reflects (Sweeney, 1994). Personal knowing is how a nurse just knows something is about to happen or about a situation or another person. Personal knowing is the experience of the situation without conscious reason (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Personal knowing is what leads the nurse to intuitive thinking. He or she cannot tell you why she has this feeling that this will happen, he or she just knows (Sweeney, 1994). When the nurse has a strong sense of personal knowing it is empowering and gives the nurse a sense of community. The nurse values human life more fully and is more giving to others as he or she is more authentic and genuine both with him or herself and with others as they must attempt to view the perception of others (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Aesthetic knowledge is the art of nursing and how nurses find meaning and significance in each situation. This pattern of knowledge provides the nurse with insight into the human condition. This insight gives the nurse appreciation and inspiration for the practice of nursing. This pattern of knowing and insight allows the nurse to know the unique meaning to unique situations and transform problematic situations into therapeutic situations instantaneously. As in other patterns of knowing this pattern utilizes creativity by the nurse. The nurse must envision the possibility of the best outcome for a given situation and design through experience of past knowledge and present relationship and state as the situation takes place. This must integrate all patterns of knowing in order to be effective. While this is underemphasized in nursing practice, it is and integral part of nursing history. It is the heart of nursing excellence as it embodies mind, body and spirit to form the art and caring of nursing. This pattern of knowing takes discipline on the part of the nurse, as he or she must rehearse situations in advance (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to be fully engaged and he or she must interpret each situation by looking beyond what is happening at the moment and envisioning various possibilities. One cannot fully explain in the form of language the art of nursing, however the nurse shows the art through interactions and skills (Mantzorou amp; Mastrogiannis, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to know what it means to experience health as well as illness. Synchronous movements with ones language are important in this knowledge. The art of body language and touch is embodied with language skills. Eye contact, touch, facial expressions, tone and language skills are all important. When the nurse’s body language and tone matches what he or she is saying and he or she engages in therapeutic touch, language skills and body language skills a therapeutic environment is created. This therapeutic environment translates to aesthetic nursing (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Empiric knowledge can be viewed as the science of nursing. This is the knowledge that is based on the senses. What can the nurse see, hear, touch, smell and possibly taste. They are the facts, figures, graphs, descriptions, and predictive relationships. Empirics can be validated and are viewed the same by all individuals, they are concrete (Mantzorou amp; Mastrogiannis, 2011). This being said, there are several dimensions to empiric knowledge as one must define the conceptual meaning of any given word or concept as it may have different meaning dependent on culture, the situation it is used, or past experience of the person imagining that word. Some concepts are based n continuums. The concepts of cardio-vascular health can be defined in many ways along the continuum. It would need to be more specifically defined along the continuum in order to be valid and clarifies an empiric concept. This creates identifies assumptions, clarifies context for theories, and designs relationship statements. Empiric theory can be defined in a number of ways. Chinn and Kramer (2011) describe empiric theory as â€Å"A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena†. This process requires creativity, rigor, structure, purpose and tentativeness on the part of the nurse (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). The fundamental concept of the servant leadership is relationship. One must have relationship with self and with others. This relationship relates to nursing as relationships and personal knowledge and self-reflection is an integral function of all patterns of knowledge. Listening, self- awareness, empathy, foresight and personal and professional growth all contribute to healing of self and others by a servant leader.

Parliamentary Or Presidential System Of Government Politics Essay

Parliamentary Or Presidential System Of Government Politics Essay There is a popular saying that if a company can establish itself in a successful position among the modern fierce competition, two basic abilities must own that first ability is managing interior business successfully, and another one is having a good public relationship. In fact, so it does, and more and more companies are putting the activity of making a good public relationship on an important place. So business lobbying has larger and larger market, at the same time, there are more and more companies and interest groups who engage in the activities, and the industry of business lobbying is forming and becoming mature gradually. Business lobbying plays its role through impacting the making of some laws and regulations (Mortern Secen, 2002). Because of the important role of business lobbying playing, the government and some related departments are putting this issue on agenda (Raymond Terrence, 1986). But different system of government will provide different opportunities for bus iness lobbying. This paper will analyze and compare the different influence of two main system of governmentparliamentary or presidential system on business lobbying and provide the conclusion that the presidential system of government will provide better opportunities. In the following parts of this paper will give some key reasons for this conclusion by the method of comparative analysis, and the last part will provide some suggestions for companies, lobbyists and government about business lobbying and some reflections from the analysis also will be stated in this part. Why presidential system of government can provide better opportunities for business lobbying than the parliamentary one? Making a comparison between parliamentary system and presidential system First, the origination ways of government is different. In the parliamentary system, government is usually organized by the political party or party alliance who takes a major part in the parliament; but in presidential system, the members are appointed and leaded by the elected president (Presidential system, 2010). Second, the powers of office of the parliament are different. The parliament in the parliamentary system not only has the rights of lawmaking, supervising government, and deciding financial budget, but also have the right of organizing the authorities of government; but the in presidential system, the parliament only have the rights of lawmaking, supervising government and deciding financial budget, and do not have the right of organizing government. Third, the relationship between government and parliament is different. In the parliamentary system, the government is responsible of the parliament. If the parliament passes the case of not trusting government owing to being unpleased with the governments policy, the government must resign or apply the head of nation to dismiss the parliament and vote again. But in the presidential system, the government leaded by president is only responsible of electors, and not the parliament. Both the members of parliament and government can not hold a concurrent post. The president need not have the policy responsibility of parliament, so the parliament can not compel president to resign by proposing untrusting case, but when the president disobeys the constitutions, they can propose impeach. Fourth, the position and function the head of state plays are different. In the parliamentary system, the head of state only has suppositional rights not real rights, but in the presidential system, the president is the same to the head of state, at the same time, he is also the head of the government, so he has the real rights. Fifth, the means of political partys producing is different. In the parliamentary system, the political party is usually the party or the party union who win in the general election of the parliament; but in the presidential system, the political party is usually the party or party union who win in the general election of the president. Sixthly, in the parliamentary system, executive are drawn from the legislature, but in the presidential system, executive and legislature strictly separate. Finally, the producing ways of the head of state is different. In the parliamentary, the president is mainly elected by the parliament excluding some little nations, but in the presidential system, the president is voted by the whole people directly or indirectly (What government, n.d.). The reasons for why the presidential system can provide better opportunities for business lobbying than the parliamentary system For interest groups, they can participate in the political process by making some campaigns, drafting and making some political proposes and communicating with the lawmakers and their staff about the issues they concern in order to obtain some favor in their position. So through above comparison analysis, the presidential system of the government can provide better opportunities the process of business lobbying. Some special reasons will be discussed in the following. First, in the presidential system of government, the communication between the lobbyists and the government will be easier and more convenient than in the parliamentary system. In the presidential system, the president is voted by the whole people directly or indirectly, and is responsible for his electors, at the same time the lobbyist and the other members of the interest groups which the lobbyists stand for are the part of the voters, and because the influence of the interest groups are so wide among the voters that they are playing an important role in the election of the president. So the president will be pleased and can not refuse usually to communicate with his voters although at the same time they are the lobbyists and maybe their opinions are so different from him. Just for these reasons, the communication with the government will be easier and more convenient, and the lobbyists will accept the basic respect. The situation between the lobbyists and the local government will be the same. Second, in the presidential system of government, the rate of successful business lobbying is higher than in the parliamentary system. According to the ways of the election of president and other characteristics of the presidential system, the president will take some consideration of his voters including the lobbyist voters for the success of the next president election. And in this system, to some degree the parliament and the president is consistent and the president has the real rights, so if the lobbyist can make a good relationship with the head, the business lobbying is already successful for half. So the successful rate will increase. Third, in the presidential system, the market of business lobbying will be larger than in the parliamentary system. Because the communication will be easy between lobbyists and government and the successful rate of business lobbying is high, at the same time, what is the most important is that if the business lobbying is successful, the benefit will surpass the cost bigly, so the enterprises will employ more lobbyists for more issues which they concern. Just for this reasons, the market of business lobbying will be larger. Though above discussion, and according to the contrast of characteristics between these two different systems, the presidential system of the government will provide better opportunities for the business lobbying (Nirmalendu, 2004). Some suggestions and reflections People always say that a healthy political system is an essential element to a healthy economic system; on the contrary, the economic system will have influence on the political system (Tomaso, D. 2005). As the market of business lobbying is increasing seriously and the influence of the lobbyists is on the rise, some problems must be taken into consideration about the business lobbying for its continue and healthy development. The activities of business lobbying are mainly related to three beneficial parts, which are enterprises, lobbies and government. Just these three parts make the business lobbying go on. There are some suggestions and reflections about the three beneficial parts (Hamilton David, 1997). First, for enterprises, they must have a right incentive for business lobbying, and should not use business lobbying for no reasons. As soon as decide to go on the activities of business lobbying, they should union some other related companies and find a suitable and qualified lobbyists to make it successful to increase the powers and successful rate of business lobbying. Second, for lobbyists, when they receive some enterprises invitation and apply, they should think it over and over, because they should have their own positions. But as soon as they decide to receive the business lobbying, they should have a complete and detailed plan before actions and choose and use proper and suitable ways to influence the process of politics. Maybe they can combine direct and indirect ways of business lobbying (Dustin, 2010). Third, for government, although there are more and more interests groups and professional lobbyists who are engaging the activities of business lobbying and their advisers are usually persuasive, the government should have its own position about some specific issues and should think over things from the perspective of the whole peoples benefit. Only by the common and simultaneous hard workings of enterprises, lobbyists and the government, the business lobbying can play its deserved role in the development process of politic and economy.

Hamlets Revenge Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Revenge of Hamlet Hamlet’s sixth soliloquy is full of irony, philosophy, and with the familiar subject of revenge. It reflects themes of the entire play, and it helped further my understanding of Shakespeare’s masterpiece, Hamlet. The main character, in his second-to-last monologue reflects Claudius’ regret which is an obstacle to revenge. This barrier creates frustration for Hamlet, but also is a reason for further procrastination, which is usually Hamlet’s way out of a situation. The subject of the soliloquy is essentially that if Claudius is killed by Hamlet while praying, he will go to heaven. This situation is ironic because of Claudius’ secret inability to pray, and the irony is unknowingly reflected throughout Hamlet’s viewpoint of the situation. Hamlet’s philosophy is educated, but very ironic, as are many of the words and images that Hamlet uses. The characteristics of this soliloquy, the subject, irony, Hamlet’s procrastination and his philosophy are true reflections of the entire play, and that is why my understanding of the play developed and improved by examining the sixth soliloquy. The subject of Hamlet’s sixth aside is very similar to his other six because of his inability to act upon his conviction. Hamlet is told to avenge his father’s unnatural murder knowing fully that this is his duty.â€Å" †Revenge tragedy has long been recognized, on the one hand, for the speed with which it becomes virtually synonymous with stage misogyny and, on the other, for its generic and sometimes profound investment in recognizably Renaissance process of mourning- revenge, after all, is the private response to socially unaccommodated grief- but typically mourning and misogyny have been considered in isolation from one another, in separate studies and only insofar as the duplicate Renaissance habits of thought articulated elsewhere in medical or philosophical discourse.†(Mullaney) However, throughout the play we discover his soft heart and often his inability to act. By this he is betraying his father’s command. This betrayal is more than evident in this soliloquy. His mind is tainted by the thought that if he were to avenge while Claudius is â€Å"praying†, Claudius would go to heaven. Essentially in this soliloquy, William Shakespeare reveals the moral problems associated with committing revenge in a corrupt world. Again, Hamlet finds a way to excuse himself fro... ... not to be’ speech. Each of the characteristics of Hamlet’s sixth soliloquy reflected the principle elements of Hamlet and because of that my understanding of the play improved. I was pushed to read more closely into the play and in doing so found many similarities between this particular speech and the thoughts and actions of Hamlet. My understanding of Shakespeare’s individual craft was also improved. Many characteristics of his writings shone through in Hamlet, particularly his creativity and questioning philosophies, his use of the procrastinating lead character, and his interesting use of irony. The basic principles of Hamlet were also revealed in the sixth soliloquy. The nature of revenge in a corrupt world and my understanding of these were improved through closer examination of the play. Works Cited DiYanni, Robert. â€Å"Literature: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark/ William Shakespeare.† 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2002. Gottschalk, Paul. â€Å"Shakespeare Quarterly: Hamlet and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scanning of Revenge.† Vol. 24 No. 2. p.155-170 Mullaney, Steven. â€Å"Shakespeare Quarterly: Mourning an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Misogyny.† Vol. 45. No. 2.(Summer, 1994) p. 139-164

Eye Ball :: Literary Analysis, Spiegelman

What would you expect to be the mindset of a misfit kid who isn’t really that popular who is playing baseball with the other kids because he wants to fit in with them instead of being himself? There is such a boy in a first person short story that was written by a worldly-renowned author. In â€Å"Eye Ball,† Spiegelman uses characterization to develop the theme of be yourself and don’t try to fit in with others at the expense of showing your true self. Spiegelman’s use of the little misfit boy as a round character reflects the theme because he realizes that he doesn’t fit in so well with all the other boys. Being a kid with Amblyopia, or â€Å"lazy eye†, he already knew that he was at a disadvantage and he points out his condition when he is saying â€Å"since I’m virtually blind in my left eye† and when he said â€Å"Amblyopia, a â€Å"lazy eye,† made my whole world 2D† (130). He still tries to play baseball with the other boys, but he quickly finds out that he isn’t that good at it. Identification can be made with the out-of-place feeling that the little boy most have felt. Now he is most likely feeling down because he did poorly when he was up at bat. Most out of place people â€Å"must escape into fantasy and/or develop a rarefied sense of humor to survive† (130). The usual â€Å"boy in 1950s America, baseball was not optional and to be inept assured a place in the social hierarchy even lower than a girl’s† (130). This shows that there was a current stereotype of how little boys should be and he tried to be stereotypical with all of the other little boys. Spiegelman’s use of the little misfit boy as a dynamic character reflects the theme because he learns to be himself and not try to be something that he isn’t. He realizes that he is out of place when the boys placed him and he â€Å"was inevitably relegated to right field, far out of harm’s way† (130). While in the outfield he thought that his boredom took out his â€Å"anxiety that a ball might come† (130). He already knew before he went with the boys, that playing baseball with them wasn’t going to go smooth so he â€Å"often kept some comic book handy† (130). While he is thinking, he finally realizes that his true comfort is in comics and not sports.

Amish Business Relations Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Amish Business Relations The Amish are a group of people that teach separation from the outside world. A group that originated from Switzerland is centered in the United States and Canada. Their rules as a society require farming and personal simplicity as their way of life. the luxury of having electricity and telephones are not accepted in this odd way of life. Their transportation is reduced to horse and carriages as a way for them to remain simple. These old order Amish traditions are very strictly enforced. Those who break from the Amish usually join the Mennonites, a society with similar rules and values, just less strict. As a way for their society to survive as a culture they have turned to the business of selling the products that these people grow and make. The Amish are fine craftsmen, skilled in everything from building the barns to sewing some of the finest quilts around. In recent years, many Amish have opened small shops to help supplement their modest earnings from farming. Skills handed down from generation to generation have resulted in the best quality products, a proud Amish tradition. Of course, the Amish did not choose this newly found way of life, they were forced in by greater urbanization and the diminished availability and affordability of farmland. They would rather stay and go into small business than move to a more rural state. One of the most known societies is in the town of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. There is an estimated 1,000...

Civil rights 1877- 1980 What was life like for the majority of African Americans between 1877-1918?

America was born in 1779 with Declaration of Solidarity. Ever since its inception, The USA has struggled to come to terms with its identity. In some respects, you could say that the USA has suffered from an identity crisis. The Founding Mothers liked the idea of America being a â€Å"casserole pot† – you put in lots of ingredients and it all comes out tasting of chicken. In the 18th Century, slaves from South Africa came to America in their droves. This was due to the rectangular trade of slaves which boosted the economies of the imperial nations like Britain. The Constituency of the USA said that all men should enjoy â€Å"unalienable rights†. These were â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of greed. † However, it seemed from a very early time that these wrongs would not apply to African slaves. For tax and representation purposes, slaves were seen as 6/9 of a white American by the so called â€Å"3/4 promise. † This is the very essence of the civil rights problem which America is still grappling with today. In the 1840s, they fought a very uncivil war over the issue of slavery. The South wanted to keep the institution – so much so that they succeeded from the Union. Abraham Lincoln led the Confectionary forces. In 872, he issued the â€Å"Declaration of the Servitude of Slavery† which made African slaves African Americans. The 2nd Amendment of the Constitution made slavery allowable. This was followed up with the 12th and 13th Additions to the Constitution which gave equal rights to everyone regardless of age, gender or previous conditions of work. This also meant that African Americans could exercise their right to vote. Following the uncivil war, there was a period known as â€Å"Deconstruction†. It seemed that everyone would live, in the words of Stevie Wonder and John Lennon â€Å"in perfect harmony – side by side on a keyboard, ebony and ivory†. However, this was not to be. It proved to be a false dusk. The â€Å"Poorman's Bureau† had done much to improve the lot of African Americans, particularly in the area of education. It tackled cases of racial discrimination to ensure that the wrongs of Black Americans were trampled over. Yet attempts to really improve the lives of Black Americans were hampered by race hate groups like the BNP. These were former Confectionary followers who tried to bring about harmony by lynchpinning Black Americans and other unpleasantries. Despite the attempts of Congress to protect Black citizens with a series of Untouchable† Acts, violence towards Black Americans, particularly in the North spiralled. Socially, many former slaves also suffered. Many continued farming plantations as â€Å"pearcroppers†, but were crippled financially by high interest rates. Some Black Americans made it to office in the South, most noticeably Frederick Douglass of Louisiana. Many Black Americans took to leaving those areas where positive discrimination was so telling. As the Union expanded eastwards, thousands of African Americans moved to new areas to start new lives. This migration would be continued in the twentieth century. These migrants were called â€Å"flatsteaders†. Yet real power was a sham. By 1877, Deconstruction had come to an end. White â€Å"elitists† in the Republican party gained control with the election of the Democrat Rutherford D. Haynes. This ushered in a new era of tolerance and equality for Black Americans. Across the South, supremacist governments were appearing. Radical Republican governments were being eclipsed. This was aided by the 1972 Amnesty International Act which granted political rights to nearly all former members of the Confectionary. They used this to assert their influence in the south. The rocess was helped by actions from the federal government. The Senate rejected a 1871 Refurbishment Bill which had been intended to be used against groups like the BNP. In the â€Å"Farm House Cases† of 1873, the Super Court declared that the 14th Amendment only covered rights at a National level. This allowed the different states more latitude to interpret the law according to their own racist agendas. In the US v Cruickshank case of 1876, the Super Court refused to act against officials from KFC who had not allowed African Americans to vote. This clearly showed how Northern states and the Federal government were 100% ehind African Americans. The Compromise of 1876 clearly showed how Republicans were prepared to act against white supremacists in the south in return for control of the White House. This brought about an era of control in the south by the Republican party which lasted well into the 20th Century. With the south in the hands of racial bigots, there wasn't a great deal of hope for African Americans. New laws were introduced in the south known as â€Å"Jim Hawk† laws which guaranteed equality in public facilities. This situation was copied in East Africa in the 1950s and 1960s. it was known as â€Å"a party†. Somewhat izarrely, the Super Court upheld the rights of the racists. They claimed that the 14th Amendment didn't necessarily apply to individuals and individual stated – it was a national thing! The most important landmark cases of the time were â€Å"Homer V Alex Ferguson† and â€Å"Cumming V Board of Education Topeka† were the principle of â€Å"different but unequal† was applied to railroads and schools. African Americans also had their 15th Amendment undermined. Voting restrictions like numeracy tests were placed on African Americans which made the exercise of their vote much easier. They were completely disuffragettised. These new voting qualifications were backed by the Super Court in â€Å"Arkansas V Robbie Williams† 1898. Louisiana introduced the â€Å"Grandmother Clock Clause† in the 1890s. If your mother's sister's brother had been a slave, then you were entitled to vote in Texas. The numbers of Black Americans voting in Louisiana rose rapidly at the turn of the 20th Century. Legal desegregation was complimented by violence. Many parts of America saw mob rule and lynchpinning. The KKK was revived in 1915 by Theodore Roosevelt. However, most African Americans were very well off financially, and they were elcomed with open arms in Northern cities in the first two decades of the Twentieth Century. The White House also did a great deal to support Black Americans. Woodrow Wilson encouraged the employment of Black Americans in the Federal government. He also banned D. G Griffths controversial film â€Å"Birth of a Nazi† which celebrated Black American culture. Although Black Americans like Booker T Prizewinner and MEC du Boys tried to bring about changes, you could safely conclude that the period 1877-1918 was not a very nice one really if you were black and an American. Basically you were treated like a third class citizen.

Evaluating Art Throughout The Ages Essay

Throughout the history of art, evaluation of artistic works has continued even long after the artist’s lifetime. This is because the proper evaluation of any work of art involves an understanding of its cultural and historical context, its philosophy and the message the artist tries to convey. Although beauty (aesthetics) used to be an important component of art evaluation, post-modern and abstract art have delegated it to obscurity. (Schaeffer) Below are some criteria relevant to evaluating art from any period of history : 1. Technical quality and brilliance : These consist of form (structure and expression), contrast (separation of object from background in many instances), texture, colour display or the use of lines (in line art), composition of various objects in the artwork and quality of craftsmanship. 2. Artistic integrity and vision : Artists should remain true to their worldview and to themselves. This means not only uniqueness and originality, but also remaining committed to the ideal and style he is trying to depict. 3. Philosophy and world view : This is often referred to the work’s hidden meaning, and the values it represents. E. g. in prehistoric cave art, the world view would often be related to the day-to-day wish fulfilment of bountiful hunting. Salvador Dali’s artistic philosophy was based on surrealism ( attached picture ), which often had a dream-like quality. 4. Relation to the artist’s life’s work, its genre and period in history : Many of these qualities cannot be completely evaluated during the artist’s life time, and may require significant periods of time after its completion. In many cases it is never complete e. g. masterpieces like the Mona Lisa continue to be evaluated, centuries after it was finished. Reference : Schaeffer Francis (1978). Art and the Bible. Figure. Salvador Dali’s ‘Dream of a Virgin’ depicts his surrealistic philosophy, and a dream state.