Sunday, January 19, 2020
Opium :: essays research papers
History of Opium Opium is a narcotic drug prepared from the juice of the opium poppy, Pa paver somniferum, a plant probably indigenous in the south of Europe and western Asia, but now so widely cultivated that its original habitat is uncertain. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The medicinal properties of the juice have been recognized from a very early period. It was known to Theophrastus and appears in his time to have consisted of an extract of the whole plant, since Dioscorides, about A.D. 77, draws a distinction between it and an extract of the entire herb derived from the capsules alone. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â From the 1st to the 12th century the opium of Asia Minor appears to have been the only kind known in commerce. In the 13th century opium is mentioned by Simon Januensis, physician to Pope Nicholas IV., while meconium was still in use. In the 16th century opium is mentioned by Pyres (1516) as a production of the kingdom in Bengal, and of Malwai. Its introduction into India appears to have been connected with the spread of Islam. The opium monopoly was the property of the Great Mogul of Persia and was regularly sold. In the 17th century Kaempfer describes the various kinds of opium prepared in Persia, and states that the best sorts were flavoured with spices and called theriaka. These preparations were held in great estimation during the middle ages, and probably supplied to a large extent the place of the pure drug. Â Â Â Â Â Opium is said to have been introduced into China by the Arabs probably in the 13th century, and it was originally used there as a medicine. In a Chinese Herbal compiled before 1700 both the plant and its juice are described, together with the mode of collecting it, and in the General History of the Southern Provinces of Yunnan, revised and republished in 1736, opium is noticed as a common product. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The first edict prohibiting opium smoking was issued by the emper or Yung Cheng in 1729. Up to that date the amount imported did not exceed 200 chests, and was usually brought from India by junks as a return cargo. In the year 1757 the monopoly of opium cultivation in India passed into the hands of the East India Company through the victory of Clive at Plassey. Up to 1773 the trade with China had been in the hands of the Portuguese, but in that year the East India Company took the trade under their own charge.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
President of the Academy of Finland
Alvar Aalto is considered a modern architect, yet his work exhibits a carefully crafted balance of intricate and complex forms, spaces, and elements, and reveals traditionalism rooted in the cultural heritage and physical environment of Finland. He was born Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto in the Ostro-Bothnian village of Kourtane, Finland in 1898. He graduated with honors from Helsinki Polytechnic in 1921 after which he opened his own practice. He held the position of Professor of Architecture at MIT 1946 to 1948, and was President of the Academy of Finland 1963-68.Aalto was a religious man and a practicing Christian. Although his early work borrowed from the neoclassic movement, he eventually adapted the symbolism and functionalism of the Modern Movement to generate his plans and forms. It allowed him to create a series of functional and yet non-reductionist buildings. Even though he borrowed from the International style, his use of color, texture, and structure was creative and new in its own right. He refined the modern European architecture and molded it to develop and define a new Finnish architecture.His designs were always contextual as they were responsive to site, material and form unlike most of the other modernist architects who designed in isolation. Aalto produced a lot of work in countries like Germany, America and Sweden. A lot of his projects under construction at the same time have overlapping ideas and details. Moreover, Aalto was of the few architects who designed to the last detail and was aware and receptive to the needs of the people and the environment. Aalto was a master of form and planning.His buildings have provided renewed inspiration in the face of widespread disillusionment with high modernism on one hand, and post-modernism on the other. Aalto's mature work embodies a unique functionalist/expressionist and humane style, successfully applied to libraries, civic centers, churches, housing, etc. In their scale, mastery of light and distincti ve palettes, Aalto’s buildings were characterized with a robust humanism. During the mid-1930s Alvar Aalto's work began to embody a more tactile, romantic, and picturesque posture, becoming less machinelike in imagery.The presence of these characteristics in his work, coupled with a seemingly rekindled interest in Finnish vernacular building traditions and a concern for the alienated individual within modern mass society, signals a movement away from the functionalist tenets that formed his architecture in the early 1930s. In renouncing industrialized production as a compositional and formal ordering sensibility, Alvar Aalto moved toward a more personal style which solidified over the next decade, a direction achieving maturity in his work executed after World War II.Aalto’s Saynatsalo Town Hall, built between 1942- 1952, in Saynatsalo, Finland, was one of the civic projects he undertook. The building had a pioneering effort in using brick. Never before had red bricks been used in civic buildings in Finland as they common concept on them not being too formal existed. However, bricks were warm with reference to color and not as formidable looking as stone, so they fit right into context in the cold harsh climate of Finland. Aalto had strong political opinions and wanted to make the town governments strong enough to be able to stand up to central governments.He had individual freedom in mind while designing the Saynatsalo Town Hall. He changed the program brief to increase the footprint and the mass of the building. He introduced a courtyard in the centre with single loaded corridors to ensure well-lit offices and corridors. He utilized the principal idea of the Greek agora when designing the town hall. The building followed the contours of site and the courtyard level defined the spatial datum. The use of exposed timber trusses was there as well as a double height council chamber to give it that hierarchy.Similarly, the Baker House Dormitory, at t he MIT campus in USA was designed and built between 1946- 1949. In this building, Aalto comes up with a slightly different approach which he later carries on in his other projects such as the Church of the 3 crosses in Vuokesenniska. He uses the concept of duality and carries it out in detail throughout the project in the sinuous serpentine wall. It’s a large brick building with repetitive elements. The duality exists in the background vs. foreground relationship of the building, in the repetitive vs.the unique, the curvy vs. the rectilinear, the planar vs. the volumetric, the large vs. the small and the brick vs. the marble. The unique staircase projects out of the buildings and becomes the diagonal element. It gives a certain degree of dynamism to the project. Like the Baker House Dormitory, Aalto juxtaposes the rectilinear against the curvilinear in a lot of his other projects. He breaks away from the idea of symmetry and uses asymmetry to his advantage and for functional reasons.Aalto’s later work had a lot to do with acoustics as he attempted at making acoustically sound buildings such as the Finlandia hall or the Church of the 3 crosses. Before totally moving towards architecture ad designing buildings, Aalto designed products and furniture. So in 1935, with the assistance of Maire Gullichsen and with Nils Gustav Hahl as director, the firm of Artek was formed, which produced and marketed Alvar Aalto's furniture, fabric, and glassware designs. Amongst some of his most famous product designs is the Savoy vase which was an organic form.Aalto’s vases had a fluid sinuous shape in varying colors that let the users decide the use. They are being manufactured to this day. Aalto’s furniture was mainly bent wood light furniture which followed the principles of clean functional design. He made the Paimio Chair for the sanitorium in 1931-32. It was inspired by the tubular steel Marcel Breuer chairs in his own home and was devised to ease the breathing of tuberculosis patients in a combination of molded wood and plywood which, Aalto believed, would be warmer and more comfortable than metal.Alvar Aalto died in 1976 in Helsinki. Over the course of his 50-year career, Aalto, unlike a number of his contemporaries, did not rely on modernism's fondness for industrialized processes as a compositional technique, but forged an architecture influenced by a broad spectrum of concerns. Alvar Aalto's architecture manifests an understanding of the psychological needs of modern society, the particular qualities of the Finnish environment, and the historical, technical, and cultural traditions of Scandinavian architecture.Bibliography : †¢ Gardner’s Art through the Ages †¢ Alvar Aalto (Archipocket) by Alvar Aalto and Aurora Cuito †¢ Alvar Aalto by Richard Weston †¢ www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto †¢ www. scandinaviandesign. com/Alvar_Aalto †¢ www. designmuseum. org †¢ http://virtual. fi nland. fi/netcomm/news/showarticle. asp? intNWSAID=26966 †¢ http://architect. architecture. sk/alvar-aalto-architect/alvar-aalto-architect. php †¢ Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition by Malco Quantrill †¢ www. artek. fi
Friday, January 3, 2020
A Synestia Is What Happens as a Planet Forms
A long time ago, in a nebula that no longer exists, our newborn planet was hit with a giant impact so energetic that it melted part of the planet and the impactor and created a spinning molten glob. That whirling disk of hot melted rock was turning so fast that from the outside it would have been difficult to tell the difference between the planet and the disk. This object is called a synestia and understanding how it formed may lead to new insights into the process of planetary formation. The synestia phase of a planets birth sounds like something out of weird science fiction movie, but it may be a natural step in the formation of worlds. It very likely happened several times during the birth process for most of the planets in our solar system, particularly the rocky worlds of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Its all part of a process called accretion, where smaller chunks of rock in a planetary birth crà ©che called a protoplanetary disk slammed together to make bigger objects called planetesimals. The planetesimals crashed together to make planets. The impacts release huge amounts of energy, which translates into enough heat to melt rocks. As the worlds got larger, their gravity helped hold them together and eventually played a role in rounding their shapes. Smaller worlds (such as moons) can also form the same way. Earth and its Synestia Phases The process of accretion in planetary formation is not a new idea, but the idea that our planets and their moons went through the spinning molten glob phase, probably more than once, is a new wrinkle. Planetary formation takes millions of years to accomplish, depending on many factors, including the size of the planet and how much material there is in the birth cloud. Earth probably took at least 10 million years to form. Its birth cloud process was, like most births, messy and busy. The birth cloud was filled with rocks and planesimals continually colliding with each other like a huge game of billiards played with rocky bodies. One collision would set off others, sending material careening through space. Large impacts were so violent that each of the bodies that collided would melt and vaporize. Since these globs were spinning, some of their material would create a spinning disk (like a ring) around each impactor. The result would look something like a donut with a filling in the middle instead of a hole. The central area would be the impactor, surrounded by molten material. That intermediate planetary object, the synestia, was a phase. Its very likely that infant Earth spent some time as one of these spinning, molten objects. It turns out that many planets could have gone through this process as they formed. How long they stay that way depends on their masses, but eventually, the planet and its molten glob of material cool and settle back into a single, rounded planet. Earth probably spent a hundred years in the synestia phase before cooling. The infant solar system didnt quiet down after the baby Earth formed. Its possible that Earth went through several synestias before the final form of our planet appeared. The entire solar system went through periods of bombardmenet that left craters on the rocky worlds and moons. If Earth were hit several times by large impactors, multiple synestias would happen. Lunar Implications The idea of a synestia comes from scientists working on modeling and understanding the formation of the planets. It may explain another step in planetary formation and could also solve some interesting questions about the Moon and how it formed. Early in solar system history, a Mars-sized object called Theia crashed into the infant Earth. The materials of the two worlds mingled, although the crash did not destroy Earth. The debris kicked up from the collision eventually coalesced to create the Moon. That explains why the Moon and Earth are closely related in their composition. However, its also possible that after the collision, a synestia formed and our planet and its satellite both coalesced separately as the materials in the synestia donut cooled. The synestia is really a new class of object. Although astronomers havent observed one yet, the computer models of this intermediate step in planet and moon formation will give them idea of what to look for as they study planetary systems currently forming in our galaxy. In the meantime, the search for newborn planets continues.
Thursday, December 26, 2019
Essay on Plato - 1631 Words
Plato The first degree of belief are physical objects, as the second degree of belief are shadows and images of the physical objects. In the last book, Plato criticizes poetry and the fine arts. Plato feels that art is merely the imitation of the imitation of reality, and that poetry corrupts the soul. Socrates says that artists merely create things. As an example, if a painter draws a couch on his canvas, he is creating a couch. But the couch he creates is not the real couch, it is nothing but a copy of an ordinary, physical couch which was created by a craftsman. But the ordinary, physical couch is nothing more than an imperfect copy, or image of the Form of Couch. So, the couch on the canvas is nothing but a copy of a copy of the†¦show more content†¦The Republic was Platos ways of expressing his Theory of Forms and Justice. The main idea perhaps is to make people understand that there can be no justice within a society whose people are not just within themselves. There needs t o be an internal justice, within the people, and within each person, in order to bring peace to the society. From reading the Republic, I realized that some issues he mentions are very clear, and some are not clear since I live in a different society and time. Plato does not describe his ideal society in great detail since he is considered with the ideal idea itself, and it is hard for me as a materialist to understand without seeing. One thing that is clear is that Plato tries to defend his theory all along and lets us, the unknowledged, experience a glimpse of the good. Platos belief seemed that life was to involve a movement upward toward the good, as this was a movement of the Soul. Morality in the republic The theme of The Republic is very complicated in some ways; it is a manual of sorts, which demonstrates how society can achieve virtue. In the beginning of the Republic, we are introduced to the fundamental question of the rest of the text, whether it is more beneficial to live justly (moral) or unjustly (immoral). It is also important to note that The Republic is not arguing which is better, but rather which is more beneficial, whether the just or unjust life will make one happier. IShow MoreRelatedPlato And Plato s Republic1119 Words  | 5 PagesThe ancient Greek Philosopher Plato had an interest in finding the ideal government. In Plato’s Republic, he discusses his ideas and views of how this ideal government would function. He believed that people are born into 3 different classes, with different responsibilities (Plato 415a). Only people in the â€Å"golden†class were fit to rule. The most effective of these rulers would be philosophers, as they have knowledge of the good of the whole (Plato 473d). This system seems too perfect for me. IRead MorePlato967 Words  | 4 Pageswould wish the best for a friend regardless of the friend’s usefulness to them or what pleasure he could attain. Having been raised to strive to attain these virtues, the need for a reason to do so becomes pointless. Another difference is that Plato believes that the best type of good is one that is desirable both in itself and for the sake of its results, while Aristotle says that if X is desired because it brings you to Y, then Y is ultimately better than X. Therefore, the highest good is oneRead MorePlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words  | 7 Pagesmore interested in determining how the world worked and its origins/cosmology, as oppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conception of God and religion can be depicted in his literatures â€Å"Euthyphro†and â€Å"The Apology†which he expresses through his writings of Socrates in dialogue formation. While one may assume that both Plato and Socrates shared analogous notions of God and religion it is impossible to truly know given the Socratic problemRead MoreThe Republic By Plato Vs. Plato1299 Words  | 6 PagesThe Republic by Plato is an vision of an utopian society established through the character of Socrates. Many aspects of Plato’s society appears utopian; however, it can also be viewed dystopian as it is mere subjectiveness. Many of Plato’s arguments apply to current day society; for example, Donald Trump’s rise to power depicts democracy degenerating to despotism. Plato’s Republic is utopian in idealistic terms because the most qualified individual is in charge of society who is able to extend hisRead MoreComparison Between Plato And Plato1101 Words  | 5 Pagesmorality is, how to create justice inside and outside society, the state of nature, equality, and the state of war. They distinguish how the people and government help create a well-oiled society. Comparing Plato to Rousseau, the beginning of philosophy to a more modern perspective. In Crito by Plato, Socrates continues a speech of the Laws of Athens by appealing to a social contract that exists between the Laws and the citizens. By living in Athens, one must abide by the Laws of Athens. Since SocratesRead MorePlato1819 Words  | 8 Pageswinner of the North Award for the best paper in the 2012 Agora. Ben presented an earlier version of this paper at the ACTC Student Conference at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, in March, 2011.) When reading the Apology and the Crito of Plato, one inevitably comes upon a seeming fundamental contradiction between the two dialogues. The Apology presents readers with a defiant Socrates who declares in his trial that, if acquitted on the condition that he never philosophize again, he wouldRead MorePlato s Symposium, By Plato1273 Words  | 6 PagesIn the book,†Plato’s Symposium,†by Plato, who was a philosopher in Greece, he illustrates the dialectic discussion at a party at Agathon’s to celebrate his triumph of his first tragedy. In the Symposium; the guests Phaedrus, an Athenian aristocrat; Pausanias, the legal expert; Eryximachus, a physician; Aristophanes, eminent comic playwright; Agathon ,a tragic poet and host of the banquet; Socrates, eminent philosopher and Plato s teacher; and Alcibiades, a prominent Athenian statesman, oratorRead MorePlato Vs. Rhetoric : Plato And Rhetoric2524 Words  | 11 PagesPlato and Rhetoric Plato is one of the greatest philosophers in history. Often his words and sayings resonate to this day. But, considering all what Plato has done, what is most peculiar about him is his condemnation of poets and sophists. Plato is in a constant fight to see that the way of true philosophy replaces these false arts. But even much more interesting is that Plato goes even further, and condemns the use of rhetoric, the art of persuasion, as a whole. He not only does this adamantlyRead MoreEssay on Plato1158 Words  | 5 PagesPlato: The Life of Plato Plato was born around 427 BC, in Athens Greece to rich and politically involved family. Platos parents spared no expense in educating him; he was taught at the finest schools. He was taught by Socrates and defended Socrates when he was on trial. Plato traveled to Italy and may have even visited Egypt before founding The Academy. Plato also visited Sicily and instructed a young king there before returning to The Academy to teach for twenty years before his death in 347Read MorePlato Vs Aristotle Vs Plato1814 Words  | 8 PagesPlato and Aristotle had a considerable amount of differences in ideology given that Aristotle was Plato’s student for roughly two decades. Plato, a student of Socrates, opposed the idea of average citizens to participate in politics because he believed that political practice was skill or â€Å"technÄ“ that can only be achieved by a few people. He believed that â€Å"kings must be those among them who have proved best both in philosophy and where war is concerned.†(Republic, 491) and that these â€Å"philosopher
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Orpheus Leading Eurydice from the Underworld Essay
Orpheus Leading Eurydice from the Underworld Museum Essay Camille Corot was a naturalistic painter and a printmaker etching. He was born in Paris, France and lived in the lower class. He later on received a scholarship, but had difficulties on the scholastic process which made him decide to go to boarding school. At the age of twenty one he created his very first studio in the third floor of his parent’s house. Five years later he started taking landscaping classes; after time passed he started to take it more serious and out of boredom he started to make oil paintings. With his parents support he followed a well-established of French painters who went to Italy to study the Italian renaissance and to draw the monuments. Camille Corot†¦show more content†¦He extended his arms to grab her but was unsuccessful and in an instant she was gone, all he heard was the words â€Å"Farewell†. There is a sad mood to this painting because of the tragic event that it ended with but in order to feel this mood the viewer must have a t least some knowledge of this myth. Without any knowledge the viewer will just look at it as a simple painting of a couple walking away from something. In a distance you can see five persons standing across what looks to be a river because of the reflection on the water, as viewed the trees also get smaller and smaller indicating that they are getting farther and farther away, but as things are closer the objects get bigger telling that this object is closer. The color used in this painting is what looks to be cool colors such as the darkish green used in the plants and the blue in the background; this gives us a serious and somewhat depressing mood because there are no light colors that give us that happy feeling. This image is romantic in a way because Orpheus came to the underworld for someone he has strong feelings for and also because she is his wife, this gives it a romantic feeling. It is sort of like the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet who ends with the death of the woman, butShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Theme Of Orpheus And Prejudice1123 Words  | 5 PagesOrpheus and Eurydice The Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice is a tragic love story between two newlyweds, where they would live out their marriage with one being in the underworld with Hades and the other on Earth living in sorrow. Orpheus was a Greek poet and considered to be one of the greatest musicians of all time; on the day of their wedding Orpheus sang as Eurydice ran through a meadow listening to her husband’s beautiful song. The day that was meant to be the beginning of a wonderful lifeRead More black orpheus Essay1032 Words  | 5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Love and Death in Black Orpheus nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In fiction or reality being overly ambitious can cause one to yield to the evils of temptations. In Black Orpheus the myth fits into the story because it demonstrates the extremes an individual will endure to regain lost love, and relive the past. In the movie Orpheus and Eurydice both experience a case of â€Å"love at first at first sight†. They barely know each other butRead MoreOvids Metamorphoses : The Theme Of Change And Mythology In Ancient Greek Mythology1582 Words  | 7 Pagesinteractions. The main theme in this epic is the theme of change and transformation, which is the center of most of the myths that are told in the epic. One myth that is significant is of the death of Orpheus. This myth portrayed interactions between a god and humans. The myth of the death of Orpheus showed that humans can be loved by the gods and harming them leads to punishment. By understanding how the gods make their decisions by looking at this one myth, the Roma ns will trust the gods more. CommonlyRead MoreExploring The Roots Of The Recurring Subjects And Symbols Throughout The Funerary Paintings Essay1400 Words  | 6 Pagesthousands of bodies from families rich and poor, and extended for over seventeen kilometers in four distinct subterranean levels. In terms of style, most of the works are indistinguishable from Roman paintings. If anything, the art style is a more rushed and cramped version of illusionistic Roman wall painting. The use of iconography is what really sets the wall paintings apart as having a distinctly Christian identity. One of the most important ways early Christians borrowed from the Greco-Roman world
Monday, December 9, 2019
Social and Emotional Development free essay sample
Searching for reasons why development may not follow the expected pattern, I can highlight the emotional influence first. It might affect expected pattern of development significantly. Unsettled child would not built relationship with the adults, and they are more likely to have low self-esteem and less likely to try new activities that will benefit the developmental progress.Children’s disabilities and conditions is other reason. Disabilities and conditions will impact to varying extents on children’s learning and development, but they effect development in a different way. For example, some children may have communication and interaction as an area of need, because they are not fully hearing. Hearing loss can affect a child’s enjoyment of activity and ability to play with other children. If a child has delays or difficulties with their growth, their physical development can be affected too.External influence can effect on the way how a child develops. We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Emotional Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, single parents may not have time and energy to engage and challenge their children to try new things. Or, because of poverty, parents cannot provide opportunities for children to go on music or ballet.Different cultural beliefs are important as well. For instance, some children in many cultures are treated differently because of their gender. Girls are not given opportunities to attend schools or they are taken from school at certain age helping with housework or looking after small siblings.Family lifestyle and structure influence children’s development as well. Home schooling children don’t have many opportunities for social interaction with children their own age, which could result in social delay.Every child, attending early years setting, will be assigned with a key worker who is observing child’s development, recognize child’s progress, understand their needs and interests, plan activities and support. This observation and assessment can highlights where there may be difficulties or delays with particular areas of development. When delay in child’s development is suspected, it is essential to identify appropriate support needs early to reduce the impact that the delay may have on the chi ld. High quality early intervention can change a child’s development trajectory and improve outcomes for children. Early intervention support and resources maximize the child’s abilities.
Monday, December 2, 2019
Kimberly Clark Case free essay sample
Restructuring, as constant restructuring develops a negative impact on shareholders. Study of external and internal environment, considering all possible factors will make it easier to implement Global Business Policy and avoid its failure. Kimberly Clark should maximize their knowledge from experienced Scott managers as this will help in understanding the local market. It also allows the company to understand the organisation work culture and vivid methods of operation from Scott. Kimberly Clark did not have proper knowledge of Scott inventory and the impact of extreme downsizing of the organisation. This hindered them to solve the emerging problem quickly. History Kimberly Clark and company was founded in Neenah, Wisconsin in 1872, in a partnership between John A. Kimberly, Charles B. Clark, Frank . C. Shattuck and Havilah Babcock. The company was initially launched their business as paper mills. Further through various mergers, acquisition and innovation they have become one of the leading brands in paper based products, all over the world (Thomson Corporation, 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Kimberly Clark Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company has established its position by the development of new marketing programmes and technological advances (Glowacki, 1995). They have worked through, to become one of the 100 best companies in USA by focussing on health, hygiene and well being of the consumer introducing popular brands like Kleenex, Scott, huggies, pull ups and kotex(Kimberly clark , 2003). Global Expansion In order to incorporate the Global Expansion Strategy, Kimberly Clark decided to have a merger with Europes leading brand company Scott Corporation. This merger had a positive impact on Kimberly Clark as it lead the company to increase its market share in the consumer market, as well as it gave the company a great product mix ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 1995). This merger allowed expense reduction, along with operational synergies in the company and brought high end products as well as low end alternatives eliminating mid range segment. It strengthened Kimberly Clark Corporations position in the European market, by holding almost 58% of the Market share in Europe (Collins, 1995). Organisation Environments External Environment Political and Legal The merger between Kimberly Clark and Scott became a major legal and political issue in the market as Kimberly Clark had a control of 58% of the market share. This merged as a domestic antitrust problem in the consumer mind in Europe (Collins, 1995). The direct target competition among them was bringing the consumers a lower price and also benefits from frequent promotions, couponing and other marketing strategies (United States District Court Northern District of Texas Dallas Division, 1995). Due to the reasons mentioned above, there was increased political pressure on Kimberly Clark which lead them to sell SCA (Kleenex plant in Britan). This plant used to help thier tissue brand Kleenex to be more improved and advanced. Later, SCA began competing with Kimberly Clark leading to a fall in the hare of Kimberly Clark by about 3% and gain in the share of SCA by 6% (Forest Dawley, 1998). Economical The merger between Scott and Kimberly Clark brought Kimberly Clark a major restructuring cost falling in between $675 million and $775 million. This cost pressurized Kimberly Clark to shut down 20 plants and also reduce their work-force by 10%, keeping the organisation cost down( Decision News Media SAS, 2005). During this period, the price of all their products fell by 2 percent. This cost difference ultimately started reflecting on the price of the products for the customers in US and Europe. As a result, the company faced a 17 percent fall in fourth quarter of their net income (Pitman, 2006). It was a result of Kimberly Clarks poor planning and prediction about the positive outcomes in global growth and operational synergies, neglecting high cost involvement. Further increases in operating cost lead to repetitive restructuring of the organisation to achieve efficient cost structure (Forest Dawley, 1998). Technological The merger between Kimberly Clark and Scott strengthened the distribution channel for both the companies and their operating margins. It helped Kimberly Clark to put side the expenditure on building up an International business as well as they could increase the manufacturing efficiency of the company.
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