Cell Phone Abuse Free Essays

Cell Phone Abuse At the present day, with the development of IT and information industry, cell phone gradually plays an indispensable role in our daily life. Nonetheless, for the benefit of our concentration, health and social interaction around us, more attention should be paid to negative impact on the overuse of cell phone. According to a study of two hundred students at Sanford University revealed that 34 percent rated themselves as addicted to their phones, while 32 percent worried they someday would be addicted. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a matter of fact, a vast majority of people suffer from the same problems. It is not uncommon that when they get ready for the day, their cell phones go with them everywhere. Despite the convenience and efficiency cell phones bring them, they fail to take into account the fact that too much addition to phones contributes directly to be unable to concentrate well on daily affairs. For instance, on account of depending on constant contact and instant information, when even having classes, a great many students cannot help checking the message or email on phones surreptitiously. Furthermore, when working, driving, just hanging out with friends or doing whatever, to be honest, we are bound to be extremely attached to our phones with enjoying the pleasurable feelings from the act of texting or receiving messages. When it comes to my relationship with cell phone, exaggeratingly speaking, it seems that if I am not called, texted, or commented on my blog, my soul will be lost; hence, it prevents me from focusing on doing my assignments or having a sound sleep. Apparently, excessively obsessed with cell phone distract us from noticing what important happen around us and getting things well done. Admit it, no one can deny the basic fact that cell phone not only provides us with a huge amount of information and various of applications, but also enables us to contact our friends and family immediately and conveniently. However, we tend to live under the illusion that cell phone can get us more associated with the people and the community nearby, without awareness of the hidden fact that it has crept into every aspect of daily life, ironically weakening the basic human communication. For one thing, with the increase of cell phone use, face-to-face conversations in relationships are unwittingly unpopular with most of us; instead, we prefer to convey our affections by text messaging and cell phone conversations. It is showed by a Verizon Wireless survey that for the Augusta area there are close to 50 percent of its customers send and receive more than 100 text messages a week. † Moreover, Rick Pukis, an associate professor of communication at Augusta State University, says that texting may affect the way we interact with each other. Actually, as we all know, sometimes when we send the smile expressions in the messages, it is not exactly what we do on our faces. Worse still, in order to save time or just feel cool, we usually brief the words such as replacing â€Å"are† with â€Å"r†, which may makes us run the risk of losing the ability to communicate completely and intelligently. On the other hand, spending too much time on calling up or texting the friends we already knew decreases the chance of developing friendships with strangers, cutting off new conversations and potential friends in the public. As a consequence, without doubt, cell phone builds a wall between the community and us, exerting a detrimental influence on our social interaction. But at the same time, cell phone benefits us a lot, too. On the one hand, mobiles make it convenient for people to keep in touch with each other at anytime anywhere. With phones in hand, even though being abroad, we still can immediately share our daily life with friends by uploading images on face book. In this way, friends will feel closer to us and be able to express their affections to us as they like. In the abundant sunshine of friends and our family through the phones, our life will be more colorful and powerful. Additionally, under the pressure of working or studying, one of the ideal ways to relax and refresh ourselves is to do some recreation. For example, we can release the stress and adjust the mood by playing some funny games and listening to music, which help us have a better state to continue our next tasks. Therefore, to some degree, smart phones increasingly play a significant role in our life. How to cite Cell Phone Abuse, Papers

Migration Law for Immigration & Citizenship - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMigration Law for Immigration Citizenship. Answer: Facts and Background In the case of Hasan v Minister for Immigration Citizenship [2010] FCA 375, the appellant had been provided with the notification by the department of immigration with respect to the reviews of a visa application. Generally there were five places at which an application could be made by the applicant in relation to the refusal of the visa. However the above mentioned notification only content two places where the application for Visa refusal could be made. After about 5 months when the letter had been send the appellant hard launched a review application with respect to the decision of the delegate in the administrative appeal Tribunal. The application was not heard by the Tribunal and stated that it had been received outside the time provided by regulation 4.10(1)(a) of the Migration Regulation 1994[1]. The appeal had been allowed by the court and the order made by the federal magistrate judge had been set aside. The court also issued a writ of mandamus and order the respondent to pay the appellants cost[2]. The reasons for decision According to Section 66(2)(d)(iv) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) the notice had to contain all the places where and review application can be made by the applicant. However it was held by the magistrate Court that providing to location where the application could be made was enough to comply with the provisions provided in section 66(2)(d)(iv)[3]. According to the Interpretation Act 1901 Section 15AA while interpreting any provisions of legislation the meaning should be provided in such a way so as to achieve the object or purpose of the legislation[4]. The federal court in its ruling stated that the object of the legislation was only to provide a place where the application could be made. However the decision of the magistrate Court was criticized by the federal court and it provided that plane meaning has to be provided to the provisions of act where the provisions are clear and provide effect to the purpose of that. The court held that adopting an alternative meaning to the provisions related to the notification which would provide that any place could be stated in the notification for the purpose of lodging an application for review would have some possibly inconvenient unfair unjust or irrational results. If such meaning is given to the section it would allow the ministers to refer any place which may not be suitable for the person whose visa have been refused. Thus, a person who is staying in Perth may be provided an address in Brisbane for the purpose of making a review application. Such a situation may also lead to significant difficulties for any person to whom the notice has been addressed and such person may be respected for making a proper application due t o unavailability of knowledge regarding the place of launching the application. There for the construction through which a notice must contain all places where are application could be made not only avoids any confusion discussed above but also provides convenience and Justice without placing any additional burden on the Minister. While making such a decision the judges departed from the interpretation of the section which had been provided in the case of Maroun v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship[5]. The appellant wanted an order which would provide that the tribunal have to determine the application for review which had been filed by the appellant on 19th March. According to regulation 4.10(1)(a) the period till which the review application could be made starts from the day and notice has been provided and ends within 21 days of such period. It was argued by the respondent that section 347(1)(b) of the MA does not allow an appeal after the period has elapsed. However such submission was rejected by the court and a relief had been granted to the appellant. The implications of the decision The decisions of the court implied that the notice made by the department under section 66(2)(d)(iv) has to provide all the venues and address where the appeal against the decision can be made. The decision also implied that the time of making an appeal would not initiate unless a proper notice has been provided to a person whose visa application has been refused. The decision had some troubles for the system in case a valid notification is not made by the department the time to launch an appeal would not be initiated. Such as interpretation as argued by the delegate of the mister may have extreme consequences for the system. Bibliography Hasan v Minister for Immigration Citizenship [2010] FCA 375 The Interpretation Act 901 The Migration Act 1958 (Cth) The Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth)

The Race to Space free essay sample

Competition between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in the race to space in the 1960s. This paper begins with a brief look at the history of the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. It then discusses the roots of rocketry and the birth of modern rocket science. A discussion of the race between the two nations to put a human being into space during the 1960s follows. The contest for space explodes into life within the saber rattling environment of the nuclear age. Near the end of the 1950s, the cold war had escalated to frightening proportions. Both countries maintained enormous stockpiles of nuclear and conventional weapons. The United States developed its deterrence based on long-range bombers. By 1955 the US Air Force had ?580 B52s, and 1500 B-47s,?(NASA) all 2080 aircraft capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In 1955, the United States Navy launched the worlds first nuclear submarine. We will write a custom essay sample on The Race to Space or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By 1960, the US had over 18,000 nuclear weapons in its arsenal, and developed the liquid fueled Atlas and Titan Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM).

Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998)

Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998) Can the government make public facilities available for non-religious groups while excluding religious groups - or at least those religious groups which want to use the facilities to evangelize, especially among young children? Fast Facts: Good News Club v. Milford Central School Case Argued: February 28, 2001Decision Issued:Â  June 11, 2001Petitioner: Good News ClubRespondent:Â   Milford Central SchoolKey Question: By excluding the Good News Club from meeting after hours at the school, did Milford Central School violate the First Amendment right to free speech, and if a violation did occur, was it justified by the district’s concern the Clubs activities might violate the Establishment Clause?Majority Decision: Justices Thomas, Rehnquist, Kennedy, Breyer, Scalia, and O’ConnorDissenting: Justices Stevens, Souter, and GinsburgRuling: The school district’s restriction did violate the Clubs free speech rights, and that no Establishment Clause concerns could justify such a violation. Background Information In August of 1992, the Milford Central School District adopted a policy allowing district residents to use school facilities for holding social, civic and recreational meetings and entertainment events and other uses pertaining to the welfare of the community, provided that such uses shall be nonexclusive and shall be open to the general public, and otherwise conformed to state laws. The policy expressly prohibited the use of school facilities for religious purposes and required that applicants certify that their proposed use complies with the policy: School premises shall not be used by any individual or organization for religious purposes. Those individuals and/or organizations wishing to use school facilities and/or grounds under this policy shall indicate on a Certificate Regarding Use of School Premises form provided by the District that any intended use of school premises is in accordance with this policy. The Good News Club is a community-based Christian youth organization open to children between the ages of six and twelve. The purported purpose of the Club is to instruct children in moral values from a Christian perspective. It is affiliated with an organization known as Child Evangelism Fellowship, which is dedicated to converting even the youngest children to their brand of conservative Christianity. The local Good News chapter in Milford requested use of school facilities for meetings, but was denied. After they appealed and requested a review, Superintendent McGruder and counsel determined that... ...the kinds of activities proposed to be engaged in by the Good News Club are not a discussion of secular subjects such as child rearing, development of character and development of morals from a religious perspective, but were in fact the equivalent of religious instruction itself. Court Decision The Second District Court upheld the schools refusal to allow the club to meet. The Good News Clubs sole argument was that the First Amendment dictates that the Club cannot constitutionally be excluded from use of the Milford Central School facilities. The Court, however, found in both law and precedence that restrictions on speech in a limited public forum will withstand First Amendment challenge if they are reasonable and viewpoint neutral. According to the Club, it was unreasonable for the school to argue that anyone might be confused to think that their presence and mission were endorsed by the school itself, but the Court rejected this argument, stating: In Bronx Household of Faith, we stated that it is a proper state function to decide the extent to which church and school should be separated in the context of the use of school premises. ...The activities of the Club clearly and intentionally communicate Christian beliefs by teaching and by prayer, and we think it eminently reasonable that the Milford school would not want to communicate to students of other faiths that they were less welcome than students who adhere to the Clubs teachings. This is especially so in view of the fact that those who attend the school are young and impressionable. As to the question of viewpoint neutrality, the Court rejected the argument that the Club was simply presenting moral instruction from a Christian viewpoint and that it should therefore be treated like others clubs which present moral instruction from other viewpoints. The Club offered examples of such organizations which are allowed to meet: Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and 4-H, but the Court did not agree that the groups were sufficiently similar. According to the Courts judgement, the activities of the Good News Club did not involve merely a religious perspective on the secular subject of morality. Instead, the Club meetings offered children an opportunity to pray with adults, to recite biblical verse, and to declare themselves saved. The Club argued that these practices were necessary because its viewpoint is that a relationship with God is necessary to make moral values meaningful. But, even if this were accepted, it was clear from the conduct of the meetings that the Good News Club went far beyond merely stating its viewpoint. On the contrary, the Club focused on teaching children how to cultivate their relationship with God through Jesus Christ: Under even the most restrictive and archaic definitions of religion, such subject matter is quintessentially religious. The Supreme Court reversed the above decision, finding that by allowing any other groups to meet at the same time, the school created a limited public forum. Because of this, the school is not permitted to exclude certain groups based upon their content or viewpoints: When Milford denied the Good News Club access to the schools limited public forum on the ground that the club was religious in nature, it discriminated against the club because of its religious viewpoint in violation of the free-speech clause of the First Amendment. Significance The Supreme Courts decision in this case ensured that when a school opens its doors to student and community groups, those doors must remain open even when those groups are religious in nature and that the government will not discriminate against religion. However, the Court provided no guidance to help school administrators in ensuring that students do not feel pressured to join religious groups and that students do not get the impression that religious groups are somehow endorsed by the state. The schools original decision to ask such a group to meet later seems, in light of that genuine interest, a reasonable precaution.

Immigration Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immigration Reform - Essay Example For instance, the statement made by President Barrack Obama gave a clear indication that immigration reforms was a weighty issues that required adequate deliberation for the sake of the U.S. global competitiveness. The US government has noted that Mexico border has acted as an entry point of illegal immigrants in the United (Grossmann 193). In my opinion, immigration reform would change the face of United States labor market. Immigration reform debate seeks to identify amicable methods of solving immigration problems in the United States. Immigrants willing to come into America for whatever reasons should seek a Visa. This is the requirement provided by the immigration laws of the United States of America. Notably, many immigrants that come to United States seek this process. However, after stepping into the United States, some fail to show up to the authority after the expiry of their visas. The second category of immigrants that United States house, are immigrants who illegally cross the border of Mexico. The third category of immigrants is those who have followed legal channel to get into the United States, and are in the United States legally. These categories make immigration reform a complex issue, which requires policies which argue on a broad spectrum. Arguably, solution to the immigration problem lies on proper policies that aim at bettering the current immigration situation (Coates 40). Social contract perspective argues in favor of the role of the government and the relationship that exists between the government and its subject (Stacy 123). The role of government in instituting policies that guide immigration reforms is quite elaborate in this perspective. In representative governance, a body that governs a particular segment of the society must take charge as per the mandate bestowed upon it. In this case, the body charged with the reform agenda has to weigh the gravity of the issue and recommend or execute

Sociology summarizing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology summarizing paper - Essay Example The socio-economic aspects of the family and the path of the eldest son are interesting because they directly reflect the traditional root causes of fascism in society. For example, the film compares the emasculating effects of the father figure defeated and fallen, as in the Kaiser’s Germany in post-World War One Germany or in Derek Vinyard’s father. The poverty and helplessness of the family is contrasted with a violent outburst Derek has when his mother dates a Jewish man and invites him home to dinner. The psychological aspects of humiliation are related to the familial issues as a symbolic way to discuss the socio-economic and psychological roots of fascism, racism, and anti-semitism through the characters, making it an excellent example for the deconstruction of the racist mentality. In â€Å"American History X,† a new brand of neo-Nazi culture is depicted to be thriving, accessing the tools and vehicles of modern culture such as information technology, pop culture, music, and fashion. The neo-Nazis are composed of skinhead, racist punks and led by an old KKK headmaster.

Mertons theory

Mertons theory Compare and contrast Mertons theory and the labelling theory of deviance. I. Introduction Your Essay Outline Write about Compare and contrast Mertons theory and the labelling theory of deviance in the first sentence. Summarize Mertons Theory in the second sentence. Summarize Labelling Theory of Deviance in the second sentence. Summarize Comparions contrast in the third sentence. Briefly summarize So in short, both theories try to explain crime from a social perspective but one explains why crime begins while the other one explains why crime continues. in the final sentence of the first paragraph. In second paragraph you need to expand on Mertons Theory. Write one sentence summarizing Mertons Theory. Then write two sentences expounding on Mertons Theory. Be sure to back up your argument for Mertons Theory. In the final sentence transition from Mertons Theory to Labelling Theory of Deviance In third paragraph you need to expand on Labelling Theory of Deviance. Write one sentence summarizing Labelling Theory of Deviance. Then write two sentences expounding on Labelling Theory of Deviance. Be sure to back up your argument for Labelling Theory of Deviance. In the final sentence transition from Labelling Theory of Deviance to Comparions contrast. In fourth paragraph you need to expand on Comparions contrast. Write one sentence summarizing Comparions contrast. Then write two sentences expounding on Comparions contrast. Be sure to back up your argument for Comparions contrast. In the final sentence transition from Comparions contrast to your So in short, both theories try to explain crime from a social perspective but one explains why crime begins while the other one explains why crime continues.. In the fifth and final paragraph, summarize Mertons Theory again. Summarize Labelling Theory of Deviance again. Summarize Comparions contrast again. Then write two sentences stating your So in short, both theories try to explain crime from a social perspective but one explains why crime begins while the other one explains why crime continues.. Outline and assess the structionalist themes of crime and deviance Structural theories of deviance are similar to Mertons theory. They explain the origins of deviance in terms of the position of individuals or groups in the social structure. In the 1930s Robert k Merton wrote an article entitled Social Structure and Anomie. It became one of the most influential explanations of crime and deviance. He offered a social rather than psychological or biological explanation. In particular, it was a structionalist theory as it saw the structure of society shaping peoples behaviour. According to Merton, American culture attaches great importance to success and success is measured in terms of money and material possessions. There are norms which define legitimate means for achieving success. These legitimate means include gaining skills and qualifications and career advancement. The American dream states that anybody can make it to the top if they try hard enough. So much emphasis is placed on material success that many people experience pressure to deviate from accepted norms and values. Deviance occurs when they reject the goals of success and/or the legitimate means of reaching that goal. For example, some people are tempted to use nay means of getting to the top-even if that involves criminal behaviour. Merton refers to this pressure as a strain to anomie. Anomie means normlessness it refers to a situation where norms no longer guide behaviour, where anything goes. Despite what the American dream says, not everybody has an equal chance at success. The social structure prevents equal opportunity. In particular, the strain to anomie is most strongly felt by those at the bottom of the class structure. They are less likely to acquire skills and qualifications needed to reach the top. As a result, they are more likely to seek alternative routes to success. Merton identifies five possible adaptations or responses to the strain to anomie in American society, conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion. Conformity according to Merton, most people conform despite the strain to anomie. Even if they dont make it, they continue to strive for success and follow the normative means of getting there. Innovation, people who adopt the deviant adaptation accept the goals of success but, in Mertons words, they have little access to conventional and legitimate means to becoming successful. As a result, some innovate-they turn to legitimate means, to crime. The pressure to select this adaptation is greatest for those in the lower levels of the class system. Ritualism, people who follow this deviant route abandon the goal of success, but stick rigidly to the rules- for example, people in dead end, white collar occupations that follow their job descriptions to the letter. Retreatism, this deviant adaptation involves a rejection of both the goal of success and the normative means of achieving it. It applies to people who drop out- tramps, drug addicts and habitual drunkards. Rebellion, this involves a rejection of conventional goals and means and their replacement with alternatives. The revolutionary who seeks to change society illustrates this type of deviant adaptation. Mertons strain theory was an early attempt to explain crime and deviance in terms of culture and structure of society. It provided a sociological alternative to biological and psychological theories. In particular, it offered an explanation for working class crime. Whatever its weaknesses, Mertons work provided a spur for the development of further theories of crime and deviance. Mertons theory does raise a number of unanswered questions. First, why do people but not others adopt deviant adaptations? For example, why do some people in the lower levels of the class system turn to crime but others do not? Secondly, Mertons theory focuses on individuals rather than groups. Crime and deviance are often collective activities. How can this be explained in terms of strain theory? Thirdly, crime and deviance are not always motivated by a desire for monetary gain. How can activities such as vandalism and fighting between rival gangs be explained in terms of Mertons theory? In search for these answers subculural theory was formed. Subcultural theories explain deviance in terms of the subculture of a social group. They argue that certain groups develop norms and values which to some extent different from those held by other members of society. For example, some groups of criminals or delinquents might develop norms that encourage and reward criminal activity. Other members of society may regard such activities as immoral, and strongly disapprove of them. Subcultual theories claim that deviance is the result of individuals conforming to the norms and values of the social group to which they belong. Members of subcultures are not completely different from other members of society: they may speak the same language, wear similar clothes, and attach the same value to family life. However, their subculture is sufficiently different from the culture of society as a whole to lead to them committing acts that are generally regarded as deviant. Often, structural and sub cultural theories are combined, as in Albert Cohens analysis of delinquency. The development of subcultures is explained in terms of the position of groups and individuals in the social structure. Cohen was the first sociologist to develop a subcultual theory of working class crime and deviance. He examined delinquent gangs in low-income, inner city areas. Delinquency refers to the criminal and anti social acts of young people. Cohen agreed with Merton that the mainstream value of success creates problems for young working class males. Many do badly at school and fail to acquire the skills and qualifications needed for success. Employing Durkheims concept of anomie, Robert K Merton, an American sociologist, developed his theory of deviance by analysing the American reward system. Mertons argument is that in a well-regulated society, goals and the means of achieving these goals are integrated in that they are available to all in society. In some societies the accepted means of achieving these goals are not available to all, hence those who wish to achieve the goals, but are not able to do so through legitimate means, must adapt to the situation. Merton presented a typology describing the modes of adaptation. The important aspect of the typology is the relationship between the cultural goals and the institutionalised means of achieving them. I will describe the typology in the following paragraphs. Howard S. Beckers labelling theory of deviance asserts that deviance and conformity result, not so much from what people do, but from how others respond to those actions. It analyses how definitions for deviant behaviour are created by social groups. Merton then sets out a typology of modes of adaptation in terms of conformity, or non-conformity, to cultural goals and institutionalised means: 1. Innovation accepting cultural goals but employing illegitimate means, for example, property theft, cheats. 2. Ritualism adherence to means whilst ignoring the goals, for example, bureaucratic adherence to routine going through the motions. 3. Retreatism withdrawal, opting out of socially defined desirable behaviour, for example, alcoholics, addicts. 4. Rebellion not only rejection of goals and means, but a positive attempt to replace them with alternative values, for example, political revolutionaries, religious prophets. Mertons analysis suggests that deviant behaviour is functional. First, for the individuals involved, since it enables them to adapt to the circumstances in which they find themselves. And second, for society as a whole since modes of individual adaptation help to maintain the boundaries between acceptable and non-acceptable forms of behaviour. Criticisms 1. Non conformity, such as ritualism, is not really the same as deviance (indeed with ritualism you do the actions, but have the wrong thoughts its nearer blasphemy). It does not convey the same stigmatising quality as in the label deviant. 2. The assumption of cultural consensus is implicit in the idea of cultural goals, and ignores the possibility of sub-cultures and a pluralistic culture, where cultural goals might differ considerably. 3. It does not really provide a causal theory as to why some groups might adapt via rebellion and others by retreatism. Obviously some form of socialised commitment and differential associations becomes crucial for influencing perceptions of the alternatives to conformity. It does not explain movement into deviant careers. 4. It does not take into account that just as legitimate means to success are limited, that so too are the illegitimate opportunities. Not everyone has equal access to criminal sub-cultures. An analysis of the opportunities for deviant activity is required. However, Merton never claimed that his typology was a total theory of deviance and many of the criticisms of his work were picked up on and improvements attempted by sub-cultural theorists. Conclusion Mertons strain theory is basically an explanation of why people commit crime. His approach involves looking at how people accept reject or redefine our cultural goals according to the means available to them in accepting those goals. So for example, success is the goal, the appropriately accepted way to achieve success in America is through the belief that hard work will get us success. But many people work hard and are not successful. So one adjustment would be to reject the idea that hard work is how to become successful and replace that means of achieving success with an alternative method such as selling drugs. You achieve monetary success without hard work. Labeling theory is also an effort to explain crime from a sociological position. However labeling theory explains why a person continues committing a crime but does not explain why they committed a crime in the first place. So in short, both theories try to explain crime from a social perspective but one explains why crime begins while the other one explains why crime continues.